Intellectual disability rates among male prison inmates.

While only a small percentage of people with intellectual disabilities are responsible for criminal behaviors, the literature points to their overrepresentation in prisons, although not enough attention has been paid to intellectual disability data for inmates. We retrieved studies - in English, Spanish, Italian or French and indexed in Medline between 2000 and 2018 - that provided intellectual disability data for prisons collected by the administration of validated tests to male inmates. Identified were 13 studies involving more than 15,000 inmates referring to intellectual disability and borderline intellectual disability. The general findings of our review corroborate the overrepresentation of people with ID in prisons, although prevalence rates range widely, from as low as 1% to as high as 69.9% (p<0.000001), reflecting to differences in methodology, in local, social and cultural factors and in judicial procedures. Published studies clearly underline the overrepresentation of people with intellectual disabilities in prisons, differences between countries, the vulnerabilities of persons with intellectual disabilities and the need for proper assessment and management policies in prisons worldwide.

La discapacidad intelectual: criminalidad, evaluación y repercusión en el ámbito forense / Intellectual disability: criminality, assessment and forensic issues

La discapacidad intelectiva resulta del máximo interés en el ámbito forense. La presente revisión comprende la búsqueda electrónica de artículos en inglés o castellano registrados en la base de datos Medline con los términos FORENS* e INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY en el «Título» o «Resumen», hasta el 1 de enero de 2018, seleccionándose aquellos que abordaban cuestiones relativas a los antecedentes históricos y consideración jurídica, la criminalidad y tipología delictiva, la comorbilidad en sujetos que delinquen, los factores de riesgo y reincidencia y la evaluación forense, excluyendo los artículos sobre tratamiento o resultados del mismo. Se identificaron 80 artículos que cumplían criterios de inclusión, que subrayaban la consideración especial históricamente dispensada por la justicia a los sujetos afectos de discapacidad intelectiva, las elevadas tasas descritas en prisión, discuten su relación con la violencia, incluida la sexual, describen tasas elevadas de comorbilidad con otros trastornos psiquiátricos, con discrepancias respecto a los trastornos relacionados con tóxicos y, por último, repasan los factores de riesgo y la reincidencia en estos sujetos, así como los métodos de evaluación forense de la discapacidad. Asimismo, se explicitan las limitaciones de la bibliografía revisada especialmente en relación con los conceptos que definen la discapacidad intelectiva en investigación

Intellectual disability is of maximum interest in the forensic field. This review includes an electronic search of articles in English or Spanish registered in the Medline database with the terms FORENS* and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY in the Title or Abstract, up until January 1, 2018, selecting those that addressed issues related to the condition's historical background and legal consideration, criminality and criminal typology, comorbidity in offenders, risk factors and recidivism, and forensic assessment, excluding articles on treatment or treatment outcomes. We identified 80 articles that fulfilled criteria for inclusion, which highlighted the special consideration historically given by the law to subjects affected by intellectual disability, their high rates of imprisonment, which discussed their relationship with violence, including sexual violence, which describe high rates of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, with discrepancies regarding toxic-related disorders, and lastly which reviewed these subjects' risk factors and recidivism, as well as the forensic assessment methods. We also outline the limitations of the literature review, especially in relation to the research criteria that define intellectual disability

Valoración del daño corporal en el trastorno orgánico de la personalidad / Evaluation of body injury in organic personality disorder

No disponible

[Assessment of psychological conditions for the use of firearms in law enforcement]. / Evaluación de las condiciones psicológicas para el uso del arma de fuego en los cuerpos de seguridad.

To handle firearms safely, an individual needs to be in sound psychological conditions. This point is especially relevant in law enforcement, given that this group is likely to experience situations where there is a reasonably severe risk to life, physical integrity and that of third parties. These conditions cause high levels of stress and become a significant source of psychological strain. The assessment of these psychological conditions in law enforcement must stay ahead of this strain and should act preventively, establishing surveillance that is the product of a consensus between the needs of professionals and organizations. This evaluation should be conducted by technical specialists who understand and know the occupational reality of these professionals. A good assessment methodology starts with the need to discover the basic areas that need exploring, the ideal procedure for assessing these issues and the criteria that determine the aptitude (or lack thereof) for handling firearms. Once these goals have been established, we can be assured that the assessment will follow a set of principles that will give it homogeneity, effectiveness and efficiency. This type of assessment will help accomplish the mission that these security professionals are entrusted to by law, which is to protect the free exercise of rights and freedoms and ensure citizen safety.

Evaluación de las condiciones psicológicas para el uso del arma de fuego en los cuerpos de seguridad / Assessment of psychological conditions for the use of firearms in law enforcement

Para utilizar un arma de fuego es necesario estar en plenas condiciones psicológicas. En los cuerpos de seguridad es especialmente relevante este punto, dado que este colectivo es susceptible de sufrir situaciones en donde exista un riesgo racionalmente grave para su vida, su integridad física o la de terceras personas. Estas situaciones producen unos niveles de estrés muy elevados y acaban siendo una fuente importante de desgaste psicológico. La evaluación de estas condiciones psicológicas en los cuerpos de seguridad se ha de adelantar a este desgaste y debe actuar de forma preventiva, estableciéndose una vigencia que sea el producto de un consenso entre las necesidades de los profesionales y de las organizaciones. Esta evaluación tiene que estar realizada por técnicos especializados que entiendan y conozcan la realidad laboral de estos profesionales. Una buena metodología de evaluación parte de la necesidad de descubrir cuáles son las áreas básicas a explorar, cuál es el procedimiento más idóneo para valorarlas y cuáles son los criterios para decidir la aptitud o no aptitud frente al uso del arma de fuego. Establecidos estos extremos se puede asegurar que la evaluación seguirá unos principios que le darán homogeneidad, eficacia y eficiencia. Este tipo de evaluaciones ayudará a cumplir la misión que estos profesionales de la seguridad tienen encomendada por ley, que es la de proteger el libre ejercicio de los derechos y de las libertades y garantizar la seguridad ciudadana (AU)

To handle firearms safely, an individual needs to be in sound psychological conditions. This point is especially relevant in law enforcement, given that this group is likely to experience situations where there is a reasonably severe risk to life, physical integrity and that of third parties. These conditions cause high levels of stress and become a significant source of psychological strain. The assessment of these psychological conditions in law enforcement must stay ahead of this strain and should act preventively, establishing surveillance that is the product of a consensus between the needs of professionals and organizations. This evaluation should be conducted by technical specialists who understand and know the occupational reality of these professionals. A good assessment methodology starts with the need to discover the basic areas that need exploring, the ideal procedure for assessing these issues and the criteria that determine the aptitude (or lack thereof) for handling firearms. Once these goals have been established, we can be assured that the assessment will follow a set of principles that will give it homogeneity, effectiveness and efficiency. This type of assessment will help accomplish the mission that these security professionals are entrusted to by law, which is to protect the free exercise of rights and freedoms and ensure citizen safety (AU)

Abuso sexual de menores / Sexual abuse in children

No disponible